Black Freedom Struggle in the United States:

Court-Ordered School Busing

Congressional Hearing: Hearings before the Subcom on Separation of Powers to consider the following bills to limit court-ordered busing of students to achieve racial integration of public schools: S. 528 (text, p. 671-676), the Neighborhood School Act of 1981, to amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to prohibit court-ordered busing in cases likely to result in greater racial imbalance or to have a net harmful effect on education quality, and to limit the time and distance of court-ordered bus travel. S. 1147 (text, p. 684-689), the Racially Neutral School Assignment Act, to amend the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 to prohibit assignment of students to public schools on the basis of race. S. 1647 and similar S. 1743 (texts, p. 690-700), both the Neighborhood School Transportation Relief Act of 1981, to deny the jurisdiction of inferior Federal courts to order student assignments or transportation to alter the racial or ethnic balance in public schools. Full Committee Member Charles E. Grassley (R-Iowa) presents a statement (p. 105-106)., 1981

Historical Summary of School Desegregation Since 1954

CRS Report: Examines Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and its immediate impact. Traces history of school desegregation up to present; discusses subsequent court rulings concerning desegregation; examines the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as well as effects of enforcement by Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and DOJ; and reviews Congressional action regarding desegregation, focusing on emergency school aid and busing., 1973