Black Freedom Struggle in the United States:

  • 113 H.R. 5830 (Introduced in the House): Grand Jury Reform Act of 2014

  • Bill text: To provide that in the case of a law enforcement officer who uses deadly force against a person, and thereby causes the death of that person, a hearing shall be conducted before a judge to determine whether there is probable cause for the State to bring criminal charges against the law enforcement officer relating to the death of the person, and for other purposes., 2014


  • 114 H. Res. 589 (Introduced in the House)

  • Bill text: Establishing the Select Committee on Excessive Use of Police Force., 2016


  • 114 H.R. 429 (Introduced in the House): Grand Jury Reform Act of 2015

  • Bill text: To provide that in the case of a law enforcement officer who uses deadly force against a person, and thereby causes the death of that person, a hearing shall be conducted before a judge to determine whether there is probable cause for the State to bring criminal charges against the law enforcement officer relating to the death of the person, and for other purposes., 2015


  • 115 H.R. 4332 (Introduced in the House): Grand Jury Reform Act of 2017

  • Bill text: To provide that in the case of a law enforcement officer who uses deadly force against a person, and thereby causes the death of that person, a hearing shall be conducted before a judge to determine whether there is probable cause for the State to bring criminal charges against the law enforcement officer relating to the death of the person, and for other purposes., 2017


  • Community Policing, Lessons Learned from Ferguson

  • Congressional Record: Comments from the Congressional Black Caucus on the police killing of Michael Brown and protests in Ferguson, Missouri, 2014


  • Congressional Black Caucus: The Missing Black Male

  • Congressional Record: Donald M. Payne Jr., Barbara Lee, Bonnie Watson Coleman, Cedric L. Richmond, and George Kenneth Butterfield Jr. on the issues affecting Black males, including incarceration, health, the increasing suicide rate among Black youth, and the missing Black male in our society., 2015


  • Ferguson, Mo.: Federal Investigation of Possible Civil Rights Violations, There and Elsewhere, CRS Legal Sidebar

  • CRS Report: Examines FBI investigation of possible civil rights violation in case in which a police officer shot and killed a teenager, Michael Brown, in Ferguson, Miss., 2014


  • First Amendment Issues in Ferguson, Missouri, CRS Legal Sidebar

  • CRS Report: Addresses First Amendment issues pertaining to ongoing public protests in response to police shooting in Aug. 9, 2014 police shooting in Ferguson, Mo., 2014


  • Oversight of Federal Programs for Equipping State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies

  • Congressional Hearing: Hearing to examine Federal role and programs to provide State and local police with surplus DOD military equipment and Federal grant funding for tactical training and equipment, in light of concerns about alleged excessive use of military-type equipment and tactics by police in Ferguson, Mo., to maintain public safety and crowd control during protests and demonstrations in the days following Aug. 9, 2014, death of African-American teenager Michael Brown, who was killed by a white Ferguson, Mo., police officer. Background and Context: Since 1997, Federal agencies have supplied over $5 billion in surplus DOD supplies and equipment to law enforcement. Recent events in Ferguson, Mo., have raised concerns about whether State and local law enforcement use of military-type equipment and tactical training should be more closely examined., 2014


  • The “Militarization” of Law Enforcement and the Department of Defense’s “1033 Program”, CRS Insight

  • CRS Report: Addresses concerns regarding “militarization” of law enforcement and expanding role of special weapons and tactics (SWAT) teams, in light of recent clashes between police and protesters in Ferguson, Mo. Examines possible militarization role of DOD “1033 Program,” established to provide material support to authorized Federal and State law enforcement agencies in the form of transfers of articles suitable for use in counterdrug and counterterrorism activities., 2014


  • The Ferguson Effect

  • Congressional Record: Patrick J. Toomey’s comments on the Ferguson protests, 2015


  • The Ferguson Riots: An Important Event that has Changed America, by Phillip Nguyen

  • Congressional Record: Pete Olson reading the essay of high schooler Phillip Nguyen on the Ferguson protests, 2016